テクニカルレポート
粉砕機 (47)
太陽光発電用のシリコン
半導体は集積回路、光学式探知器および発光 ダイオードなどの様々な電子部品に使われて います。特に太陽エネルギーを電力に変換す る太陽光発電の分野ではシリコン製の半導体 が主流です。
プラスチック － その多様性
プラスチックは種類が豊富な分、その使用用 途も多岐に渡ります。PE、PET、PC、PP、PBTやABSの様な略称 は単に材質そのものを示すだけではなく、そ の中に多くの性質を持つものが含まれていま す。使用目的に応じ、プラスチックは耐衝撃 性、堅牢性、耐熱性、耐溶媒性などの性質が 求められます。
再生可能なエネルギー
営林作業や木材加工で生じた廃材は木材チッ プに加工されますが、木や樹皮の種類、残留 水分などによって、様々な用途に使用されま す。チップボードの原料やきのこ類のほだ木 などはその一例ですが、主に燃料として利用 されます。木材チップの品質は、樹木の種類 や保管状態によって大きく異なります。燃料 として商取引する場合、乾燥状態と含水量に よって違う発熱量の把握が重要になります。 そこでサンプルの分析結果が大切な取引条件 になるため、代表性と再現性のある試料調製 が必要です。
できる限り純粋に
理想的な状態で粉砕が行われても、試料と粉 砕容器の表面がこすれて起きる機械的ストレ スによって粉砕容器の表面が摩耗します。し かし、粉砕機と粉砕容器を適切に選択するこ とで、この摩耗を軽減することは可能です。 もし試料を100μm未満に粉砕する必要があ る場合は、非常に強い力が必要なので、その 分、摩耗も大きくなります。
シリアルバーの成分分析
シリアルバー等の食品は、しばしば「低カロリー」や「健康」を謳われます。本当に「低カロリー」
で「健康」であるかを確かめるためには、食品の品質管理で重要な科学的な分析が必要です。パッ
ケージには、100gや100mLあたりの脂質、脂肪酸、糖質、および塩分等の平均含有量が表示して
あります。シリアルバーには、色々な物（ナッツ、レーズン、オートフレーク等）が混在している
ので、正確な分析結果を得るためには、完璧な分析試料のホモジナイジングが必要になります。
毛髪が語るもの
科学捜査、税関および競技スポーツの分野 で違法薬物の検出は大変重要です。化学物 質は血液、唾液、尿および毛髪から検出さ れますが、特に毛髪は、長さにより異なり ますが、長期間蓄積されるという利点があ るため薬物乱用の痕跡やDNA鑑定などに 使われています。
ナノ粉砕
ナノ粒子（直径100nm未満の非常に細か い粒子）は、長年研究されてきたテーマで す。ナノ粒子については、半導体やロータ ス効果のように表面特性などの新しい可能 性が開かれ、以前は知られていなかった新 しい革新的な技術も開発されてきました。 ナノ粒子をつくりだすには、様々な方法が あります。“ボトムアップ” 方式は、原子・ 分子レベルから合成させる方法です。一方、 “トップダウン”方式は、粉砕によって粒子 をナノサイズまで微細化する方法です。こ の方法に適したものがレッチェの遊星ボー ルミルPM100、PM200およびPM400で あり、ナノスケールまでの粉砕力があります。
カカオ畑から板チョコへ
カカオの実からチョコレートになるまでは、長 い工程を経ます。収穫、醗酵、乾燥、洗浄、焙 煎、摩砕、そしてさらにそのカカオ片を粉砕し て、カカオ粉とカカオバターからなる濃縮液と なり、最終的にプレス成形されます。その間、 それぞれの工程で品質が管理されています。製 品に有害物質（カビや重金属）が含まれていな いか、また、成分（油脂や炭水化物）を検査す るだけでなく、ココアの滑らかさを見るために 適切な粒度にまで細かく粉砕されているかどう かまで検査します。人間の味覚は30μm以下 の小さい粒子を好むので、粒度もまた重要な要 素なのです。
グラインドミックスGM300で完璧なホモジナイズ
分析の前には、硬さや水分量が異なる試料を粉砕とホモジナイズして分析用試料を調製する必
要があります。レッチェのグラインドミックスは、煩雑な食品分析の試料調製作業に理想的な
粉砕機です。GM200は700ｍLまでの少量サンプルの前処理に実績がありますが、新製品グ
ラインドミックスGM300は容器の容量が5,000ｍLなので、大容量を処理できるようになり
ました。
ナッツ類のマイコトキシン検査
マイコトキシンはカビの代謝産物の一種で、人間や動物に有害な影響を与えます。マイコトキシンを代謝するカビ類は身の周りのいたるところに存在していま す。マイコトキシンの一種のアフラトキシンは、発癌性がきわめて高い危険なものであることがわかっています。特に、ドライフルーツ、香辛料、ナッツ（ピー ナッツ、ヘーゼルナッツ、ピスタチオ）や穀類（小麦、トウモロコシ）などの食品は、真菌感染によるアフラトキシン汚染の危険性があります。
クライオミルを使った揮発性物質を含んだ試料の粉砕
試料調製の際に、常温での粉砕よりも凍結粉砕機を使ったほうが適している場合がありま
す。液体窒素で凍結された試料は脆化されるので、衝撃・摩擦などで粉砕されやすくなり
ます。さらに、試料中の揮発性物質も保持できます。
レッチェのクライオミルは、最新の安全な凍結粉砕機で優れた粉砕結果をお約束します。
カッティングミルSM300伝統からの革新
カッティングミルは試料調製に広く使われている粉砕機です。二次燃料の粉砕、再生可能な
バイオマスの研究開発、WEEE/RoHS対応の成分分析および有価金属の回収など、その
アプリケーションは多岐にわたります。
注目される資源の再生
植物の代表サンプル作成には経験が必要 切迫した原料不足を背景に産業界は、再生可能な資源の利用技術開発に注力しています。その中でも様々な植物は繊維、顔料、医薬品、燃料、油脂および緩衝材の原料として脚光を浴びています。しかし、植物はその複雑な組成や成分のため、分析用の試料調製が困難なもののひとつです。予備粉砕から微粉砕までの最適な粉砕方法を見つけ出すのは簡単なことではなく、経験とノウハウが必要です。
生体試料中の有害物質の分析
凍結粉砕で生物試料の調製が容易になります。 動植物は環境汚染の度合いを測るうえで信頼できる指標です。したがって環境分析の最も重要な手段のひとつとして、生体試料中の有毒物質の分析があります。レッチェ社の粉砕機は試料の特質や成分を損なうことなく調製できるので、世界中の環境分析機関で活躍しています。ここでは、テキサスの微量元素研究所とオタワの国立カナダ野生生物研究所の2件をご紹介します。
食品・飼料の肥質分析
食品や飼料の品質を管理するうえで、脂質は非常に重要な分析項目です。脂肪量は薬品の栄養価を大きく左右する要素であり、また、乳脂肪やカカオバターなどの比較的高価な脂肪分は、効率よく利用する必要があります。加えて、新しいEU指令によって食品会社は「ライト」や「低脂肪」などの抽象的は表示ではなく、正確な脂肪分を包装に表示するように求められています。
玩具中の重金属分析
玩具は安全でなければなりません。これは玩具中のヒ素、鉛、カドミウム、およびアンチモンの様な物質の最大許容値を定めたEU指令88/378/EWGに明確に記載されており、含有量は子供に害があると推定されるレベル以下でなければいけません。最近では、玩具から基準値を上回る重金属が検出された事例がメディアを賑わせているため、消費者の安全への関心も高まっています。そのため、玩具メーカーにとっては、信頼性のある品質管理によって製品の無害を立証することが重要な課題となっています。
環境負荷物質の検出（RoHS/WEEE)
電子部品廃棄物の試料調製 ラジコンカーの分析用試料調製の方法を説明しています。 プラスチックの顔料に含まれるカドミウム、ハンダ中の鉛、ケーブルの難燃材に含まれるPBBなど、電子部品の中には有害物質が含まれている可能性が数多くあります。EUの有害物質規制に関する指令（WEEE/RoHS)が2006年7月に発令されて以来、機器メーカー、部品メーカー、材料メーカー、およびリサイクル業者は、その対応に迫られています。
Sample Preparation of Feeds and Forage for NIR Analysis
Near Infrared Spectroscopy is the most important analytical method for the determination of protein content, moisture, fat and ash in feeds and forage. The advantage over classical methods such as Kjeldahl is the simultaneous determination of several parameters. Moreover, NIR spectroscopy is a quick method which requires neither consumables nor reagents. Therefore it is used whenever high sample throughput and great flexibility are required. The identification and qualification of raw materials as well as the quantitative analysis of convenience products can be carried out within seconds to guarantee highest product quality and safety.
A much discussed issue related to NIR analysis is the necessity of sample preparation. Users often face the problem of having to decide whether sample preparation is required or not.
Secondary fuels – Energy for the cement industry
Due to decreasing resources and increasing market prices for primary fuels like oil, gas or coal, it is paramount for the cement industry to search for alternative energy sources. With regard to the CO2 emissions trading, a switch to energy sources which have a neutral CO2 balance can be rather profitable. Usually, these are non-fossil fuels. Industries with high energy consumption have made increasing use of alternative fuels during the last years. Accordingly, the use of so called secondary fuels (also waste derived fuels/wdf or refuse derived fuels/rdf) has gained importance. These are mostly combustible fractions of domestic or industrial waste which cannot be recycled.
Powerful Cutting Mill
The SM 300 excels especially in the tough jobs where other cutting mills fail. It has a freely selectable speed range from 700 to 3,000 rpm with high torque. The mill is convenient to operate and easy to clean. Reliable and extremely efficient sample preparation in the laboratory is now guaranteed with the SM 300.
New Knife Mill Sets Standards
The so-called QuEChERS method (“quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe”) has been developed to make sample preparation to pesticide analysis more efficient. Serial tests have proved that the analysis results obtained with the QuEChERS method can easily bear comparison with more common methods, such as DFG S19. To guarantee reproducible analysis results, it is essential to completely homogenize the sample. To make sure the sample preparation is reproducible, the homogenization process needs to be carried out with a laboratory mill.
Preparation of Elastic Plastics for the Detection of PAH
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, short PAH, are usually a by-product of combustion and can be found, for example, in cigarette smoke or oil-based products. Mineral oil containing PAH is often used in rubber products as plasticizer, especially in black-coloured products such as car tyres, rubber grips of tools or rubber shoe soles. It was discovered that some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic, so that maximum permissible values have been determined for the concentration of PAH in consumer products.
Size reduction of elastic plastics with volatile components
Neutral-to-analysis sample preparation for the detection of PAH and phthalates
Efficient Grinding at –196 °C
RETSCH’s New CryoMill for Safe and Reproducible Grinding with Liquid Nitrogen
Milling of Samples in a Fertilizer Laboratory
The fertilizer laboratory of the Division of Regulatory Services at the University of Kentucky uses the Retsch ZM 200 ultra centrifugal mill for milling fertilizer samples.
Tracking Down Fake Cashmere
Cashmere wool is the best known precious wool. It is won from the cashmere goat which originates from the high mountain region of the same name. Due to its properties such as softness and warmth, cashmere wool gains more and more popularity in the manufacture of clothing. Genuine cashmere is won solely from the goat’s downy hair and must possess a certain hair structure with an exactly defined length and thickness.
Preparation of Soil, Sewage Sludge and Sediment Samples in a Wastewater Treatment Laboratory
The preparation of a mixture of organic and inorganic samples holds some difficulties: whereas sand, clay and stones can usually be ground to homogeneous samples with suitable laboratory mills, the high energy input can cause samples with organic components such as fat or starch to cake. Carsten Bunn, a laboratory technician at the waste water treatment laboratory BRW, has to deal with this problem every day. He treats samples which are taken from the sand traps of the wastewater treatment plants and consist of exactly that mixture. The sediments of household and industry waste water not only contain sand, clay or leaves but anything that people nowadays dispose of through the sewer system: cellulose, hair and especially food residues.
Fast and Reproducible Sample Preparation with a Vibratory Disc Mill
The Vibratory Disc Mill RS 200 from Retsch is used for the quick, loss-free grinding of hard, brittle and fibrous materials to analytical fineness.
Cement - representative sample preparation is important
To produce high-quality cement, the mineralogical and chemical composition of raw materials as well as intermediate and finished products has to be determined. At each stage of the production, samples have to be taken, processed and analysed to ensure quality control without gaps. Retsch offers a range of instruments that are used for sample preparation during the complete production process, from the quarrying of the raw materials to the final product. The typical sample preparation process involves preliminary size reduction, sample division and fine size reduction before the sample can be submitted to further analyses....
Green Chemistry in the Lab
Mechanochemistry is a very effective method to carry out syntheses without solvents and by-products. The technical literature describes a great number of reactions where a conversion of 100% is achieved. A precondition for the establishment of mechanochemistry in the industrial sector is the availability of suitable laboratory mills. A decisive factor is that – similar to conventional preparative chemistry – ambient parameters such as pressure and temperature can be documented and monitored. The Planetary Ball Mills and Mixer Mills from Retsch fulfill these requirements.
Size reduction within the context of sample preparation
In general “size reduction” is taken to mean the disintegration of solid substances by mechanical forces without altering their state.
Sample Preparation of Electronic Scrap in the Context of RoHS and WEEE
Since August 2004 new EU directives for the disposal of used electrical and electronic appliances as well as the restricted use of certain hazardous substances in these devices have become effective.
Making Whole Cell Extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Preparation at the Courtesy of the Staley Lab at the University of Chicago
Consistent Milling on a Nano Scale
Planetary ball mills are helping scientists and engineers advance nanotechnology by providing a consistent way to produce nanoscale powders.
The preparation of samples of solid substances for spectroscopic analysis
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is one of the most versatile multi-element methods of chemical analysis. The technique is based on excitation of fluorescent radiation from a sample by bombarding it with high energy X-ray quanta and subsequent study of the characteristic X-ray radiation emitted by its elements.
Bigger is not Better
There is a trend towards smaller samples that have more controlled particle size and yet remain representative of the material being analyzed.
Increasing the development efficiency of ceramic materials
The development of high-performance ceramics is determined by a large number of influencing factors. In addition to material-specific aspects, such as the chemical purity of the initial raw materials, particle size reproducibility and uniformity of particle morphology, production-specific factors also determine the final properties of ceramics.
Sample Preparation of Plastics for X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis
The elemental analysis of plastics has become more and more important. EC directive 91/338/EWG regulates the ban of cadmium in PVC, EC directive 94/62/EC defines limits for cadmium, lead, chromium and mercury in packing materials and EC directive 2000/53/EC defines limits for the same elements in end-of-life vehicles. This has created a strong need for a rapid and reliable testing method.
Cryogenic Preparation of Sample Materials
Within the context of sample preparation, size reduction plays an important role as it has a substantial influence on the results of the subsequent analysis. If the particles are too coarse or non-homogeneous the results of the analysis may turn out to be incorrect, especially if there is only a very small amount of sample material which represents the total amount.
Cryogenic disruption of yeast cells
The MM 301 can be used for cell disruption applications. In this case, yeast cells were embrittled with liquid nitrogen.
Sample preparation of electronic scrap with SM 2000 and ZM 200
RETSCH mills in the context of RoHS and WEEE
Reliable sample preparation in food technology
An efficient sample preparation procedure for rapid, reliable and reproducible analytical results is becoming increasingly important today. Ever more stringent requirements are being set both in research and production, e.g. for product monitoring and quality control.
Analysis of cadmium in plastics
In recent years, mass media have focused on the topics of the environment and environmental conservation. With the advancement in scientific technology, resource development has progressed.
The Representative Sample Preparation of Waste
Now that a certain environmental awareness has developed in the population over the past few years, our efforts are geared not only to avoiding waste, but also to reducing the mountains of waste which still arise by means of raw material recovery and the reintroduction of secondary raw materials into the industrial cycle.
ふるい振とう機 (7)
エアジェットシーブAS200ジェットを使った凝集粉末の分級
エアジェットシーブは、40μm以下の非常に細かい粉体の乾式分級に広く用いられています。また、振動式のふるい振とう機に比べて極めて短時間で分級ができるので、250μmまでの粉体にも広く採用されています。
AS450コントロールを使った大容量の分級
大量のバルク材の分級には通常振動ふるい機が使われますが、ほとんどの振動ふるい機はバネの縦方向の振動を使って試験ふるいを振とうさせます。一方、AS450コントロールで採用されている分級方法は、縦・横・ねじれの三次元運動を使います。これは、試料を均等に試験ふるいの全面に移行させるので最も効果的な分級方法です。
Air Jet Sieving of Bulk Materials
Particle size analysis and particle size distribution are important criteria for the quality control of bulk materials. In a running production process, the results of a quality check must be available quickly to allow for immediate adjustment of the production parameters. Depending on the expected particle size and sample volume, different sieving methods and sieving machines are suitable for analysis. The method used for particle size analysis is primarily determined by the fineness of the material to be sieved. For dry sieving of samples with particle sizes below 40 microns, air jet sieving is the method of choice.
The Basic Principles of Sieve Analysis
Many natural and manufactured materials occur in a disperse form, which means that they consist of differently shaped and sized particles. The particle size distribution, i.e. the number of particles of different sizes, is responsible for important physical and chemical properties.
Reproducible Sieving in the Shortest Possible Time
Despite the rapid development of modern optical particle measuring techniques, classical sieving analysis is still at the forefront for the practical quality assurance of bulk goods.
Fine Tuning Sieve Analysis for Accurate Particle Size Measurement
All to often, this useful method is overlooked. But if followed, these principles deliver accurate and reliable results at an affordable price.
Put the squeeze on
Sieving is cost effective for particle sizes greater than 75 μ, although the technique can be used for some materials of smaller size if the method can be validated. Assuming the relevant standards and clean, wellmaintained equipment that conforms to the standards are used, sieving can provide an accurate and reproducible measure of particle size distribution within a sample.
周辺機器 (10)
ナッツ類のマイコトキシン検査
マイコトキシンはカビの代謝産物の一種で、人間や動物に有害な影響を与えます。マイコトキシンを代謝するカビ類は身の周りのいたるところに存在していま す。マイコトキシンの一種のアフラトキシンは、発癌性がきわめて高い危険なものであることがわかっています。特に、ドライフルーツ、香辛料、ナッツ（ピー ナッツ、ヘーゼルナッツ、ピスタチオ）や穀類（小麦、トウモロコシ）などの食品は、真菌感染によるアフラトキシン汚染の危険性があります。
Representative results require adequate sample preparation
The following situation is typical for many production plants: After a routine quality check, the production process is stopped or an already produced batch is suspended, because the analysis results were not within the relevant critical values. But does the tested product really deviate from the specifications? The quality control managers are convinced of this because modern analysis instruments provide results with very low tolerances. The sample in question was tested several times and the result was confirmed. The question is why the product does not match the specifications although the production parameters have not been changed in any way.
The possibility that the tested product is indeed deficient cannot be excluded. However, it is often not the product itself which causes irregular analysis results but a lack of understanding of the steps which come before the analysis.
Comparative investigations on spinning rifflers
The influence of the degree of mixing of the material and the influence of the operating data of the apparatus were investigated in two spinning rifflers.
Fine Tuning Sieve Analysis for Accurate Particle Size Measurement
All to often, this useful method is overlooked. But if followed, these principles deliver accurate and reliable results at an affordable price.
Put the squeeze on
Sieving is cost effective for particle sizes greater than 75 μ, although the technique can be used for some materials of smaller size if the method can be validated. Assuming the relevant standards and clean, wellmaintained equipment that conforms to the standards are used, sieving can provide an accurate and reproducible measure of particle size distribution within a sample.
Cement - representative sample preparation is important
To produce high-quality cement, the mineralogical and chemical composition of raw materials as well as intermediate and finished products has to be determined. At each stage of the production, samples have to be taken, processed and analysed to ensure quality control without gaps. Retsch offers a range of instruments that are used for sample preparation during the complete production process, from the quarrying of the raw materials to the final product. The typical sample preparation process involves preliminary size reduction, sample division and fine size reduction before the sample can be submitted to further analyses....
The preparation of samples of solid substances for spectroscopic analysis
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is one of the most versatile multi-element methods of chemical analysis. The technique is based on excitation of fluorescent radiation from a sample by bombarding it with high energy X-ray quanta and subsequent study of the characteristic X-ray radiation emitted by its elements.
Sample Preparation of Plastics for X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis
The elemental analysis of plastics has become more and more important. EC directive 91/338/EWG regulates the ban of cadmium in PVC, EC directive 94/62/EC defines limits for cadmium, lead, chromium and mercury in packing materials and EC directive 2000/53/EC defines limits for the same elements in end-of-life vehicles. This has created a strong need for a rapid and reliable testing method.
The Representative Sample Preparation of Waste
Now that a certain environmental awareness has developed in the population over the past few years, our efforts are geared not only to avoiding waste, but also to reducing the mountains of waste which still arise by means of raw material recovery and the reintroduction of secondary raw materials into the industrial cycle.
